{"main_topic":"census","sub_topic":"pep","topic":"net_international_migration","key":"census/pep/net_international_migration","version":"1.0.0","year_min":2021,"year_max":2025,"year_gaps":[],"update_frequency":"annual","detail_levels":["counties","states"],"default_detail":"counties","path_template":"census/net_international_migration/year={year}/{detail}.parquet","grain":["year","county_fips","district_code","tract_geoid"],"title":"Net International Migration (Census PEP)","summary":"Yearly net migration from abroad into each Georgia county - signed count and rate per 1,000 residents, Census Population Estimates Vintage 2025.","description":"Net international migration - the number of people who moved into a geography from abroad minus the number who left for abroad - as modeled by the U.S. Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program (PEP), Vintage 2025, for Georgia and each of its 159 counties, estimate years 2021-2025 (each covering July 1 of the prior year through June 30). Served as a signed count (negative = net out-migration), the average July 1 population the rate divides by, and the published rate per 1,000 residents (the headline metric). The component covers non-U.S.-born migration, U.S.-born movement to and from abroad, moves to and from Puerto Rico, and Armed Forces movement.","source":"U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025 county totals (CO-EST2025-ALLDATA)","source_url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/counties/totals/co-est2025-alldata.csv","endpoint":"/api/v1/census/net_international_migration","columns":[{"name":"year","type":"integer","role":"year","nullable":false,"label":"Year","short_description":"","description":"Estimate year: covers July 1 of the prior year through June 30 of this year (2025 = July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025). All years are from PEP Vintage 2025, which restates every earlier year; the partial April-June 2020 period is not served.","valid_values":null,"example":2025,"unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"county_fips","type":"string","role":"fk_county","nullable":true,"label":"County FIPS","short_description":"","description":"5-digit county FIPS code (state 13 + county). Populated only on county-level rows; NULL on the state row.","valid_values":null,"example":"13121","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"district_code","type":"string","role":"fk_district","nullable":true,"label":"District Code","short_description":"","description":"Always NULL: the Population Estimates Program publishes no school-district geography. Kept for the census domain's standard key shape.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"tract_geoid","type":"string","role":"fk_tract","nullable":true,"label":"Tract GEOID","short_description":"","description":"Always NULL: the Population Estimates Program publishes no census-tract geography. Kept for the census domain's standard key shape.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"net_international_migration","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Net International Migration","short_description":"People who moved in from abroad minus people who left, net; negative means more left than arrived.","description":"Net international migration during the estimate year (July 1 to June 30), as published: arrivals from abroad minus departures to abroad, including U.S.-born and foreign-born movers, moves to and from Puerto Rico, and Armed Forces movement. A SIGNED count: negative values are real net out-migration and are served as published (never clipped or NULLed). Modeled by the Census Bureau, not enumerated; the numerator of net_international_migration_rate_per_1k.","valid_values":null,"example":52,"unit":"signed_count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Never NULL in the served vintage: PEP publishes a complete point estimate for every geography and year with no suppression.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":"numerator"},{"name":"avg_population","type":"number","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Average Population","short_description":"","description":"DERIVED denominator of the rate: the mean of the July 1 resident population estimates ending the prior and the current estimate year (POPESTIMATE of year-1 and year in the Vintage 2025 source), which is exactly the population the Census Bureau divides by to compute the published per-1,000 rate. Not itself a published estimate; kept as a float (it ends in .5 when the two estimates differ by an odd number) so the rate reproduces exactly. Use it to compute population-weighted rates across counties (sum of counts / sum of avg_population * 1000), never sum it as a headcount.","valid_values":null,"example":18942.5,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Never NULL in the served vintage: both July 1 population estimates it averages are always published.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":"denominator"},{"name":"net_international_migration_rate_per_1k","type":"number","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Net International Migration Rate per 1,000","short_description":"Net international migration per 1,000 residents; negative means net out-migration.","description":"Net international migration rate per 1,000 residents, served verbatim from the source (RINTERNATIONALMIG): net_international_migration divided by avg_population, times 1,000. A SIGNED rate: negative values are real net out-migration. Modeled, with no margin of error published; comparable across counties of different sizes, which the raw count is not.","valid_values":null,"example":2.745149795,"unit":"signed_rate_per_population","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Never NULL in the served vintage: PEP publishes the rate for every geography in every full estimate year.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null}],"key_metric":"net_international_migration_rate_per_1k","usage":"Star-schema fact table at state and county grain. Join the counties dimension on county_fips (NULL on the state row); district_code and tract_geoid are always NULL. Read directly with DuckDB over Parquet.","limitations":"Net international migration is a MODELED estimate, not a count: the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program (PEP) derives it from survey, administrative, and immigration-court records. Every vintage restates the whole series: this table serves Vintage 2025 only (released March 2026), a future vintage will revise 2021-2025, and values must never be mixed with or differenced against an earlier vintage. year is the ESTIMATE year, covering July 1 of the prior year through June 30 (2025 = July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025); the partial April-June 2020 period is not served. The method changes between vintages: Vintage 2024 first added humanitarian migrants, and Vintage 2025 changed the emigration inputs for estimate year 2025 and, for estimate years 2022-2024, places humanitarian migrants by county using EOIR immigration-court address records (the same EOIR data behind this platform's immigration eoir_case_outcomes topic), so county values for those years partly reflect where court filings list an address. Negative values are real net out-migration (more residents left for abroad than arrived), not errors or suppression, and occur in 6 to 27 counties per year (Bacon County 2025: -2 people, -0.18 per 1,000). Rates are per 1,000 residents, computed on the average of the beginning and ending July 1 populations, served here as avg_population - a derived column that can end in .5 and is not itself a published estimate. PEP publishes point estimates only: there are no margins of error, no suppression, and no NULLs. Counties reflect boundaries as of January 1, 2025; there is no school-district or tract geography. The state row is published separately, and the 159 county values sum exactly to it in every year.","null_semantics":{"suppressed_to_null":false,"zero_is_real":true},"available_years":[2021,2022,2023,2024,2025],"schema_hash":"bc7bc6880af9315870cabe7f4bf86ae46d47ad05b83889a0007e170d923142b2","tags":["census","u.s. census bureau, population estimates program, vintage 2025 county totals","net_international_migration"],"granularity_description":"One row per year, county_fips, district_code, tract_geoid (geography columns are NULL at higher aggregation levels).","example_queries":[{"description":"Latest year (2025), counties detail","query":"SELECT * FROM net_international_migration WHERE year = 2025 LIMIT 100"}],"foreign_keys":[{"column":"county_fips","target_object":"counties","target_columns":["county_fips"],"attribute_columns_added":["county_name"],"scope":"global"},{"column":"district_code","target_object":"districts","target_columns":["district_code"],"attribute_columns_added":["district_name","district_census_id","district_type"],"scope":"domain"},{"column":"tract_geoid","target_object":"tracts","target_columns":["tract_geoid"],"attribute_columns_added":["tract_name"],"scope":"global"}],"filters":[{"param":"year","kind":"year_exact","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"year_min","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"year_max","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"detail","kind":"detail","type":"string","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["counties","states"],"default":"counties"},{"param":"district_code","kind":"foreign_key","column":"district_code","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"county_fips","kind":"foreign_key","column":"county_fips","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"tract_geoid","kind":"foreign_key","column":"tract_geoid","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"district_type","kind":"dimension_attribute","dimension":"districts","column":"district_type","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["commission_charter","resa","standard","state_agency","state_charter","state_school","state_special"]}],"filter_hints":[],"values_endpoint":"/api/v1/census/net_international_migration/values"}