{"main_topic":"census","sub_topic":"acs","topic":"poverty_by_nativity","key":"census/acs/poverty_by_nativity","version":"1.0.0","year_min":2020,"year_max":2024,"year_gaps":[],"update_frequency":"annual","detail_levels":["counties","districts","states","tracts"],"default_detail":"counties","path_template":"census/poverty_by_nativity/year={year}/{detail}.parquet","grain":["year","county_fips","district_code","tract_geoid","citizenship_status","native_birthplace"],"title":"Poverty by Nativity and Citizenship (ACS)","summary":"How poverty rates differ between native-born residents, naturalized citizens, and noncitizens in each Georgia community - ACS 5-year estimates down to the census tract.","description":"Poverty status by nativity and citizenship from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (detailed table B17025, Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Nativity), for Georgia at state, county, school district, and census tract geography, vintages 2020-2024: the share of people below the federal poverty line among the native born (born in the U.S. vs born outside it), the foreign born, naturalized citizens, and noncitizens, with the underlying counts and 90 percent margins of error.","source":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates","source_url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2024.B17025?g=040XX00US13","endpoint":"/api/v1/census/poverty_by_nativity","columns":[{"name":"year","type":"integer","role":"year","nullable":false,"label":"Year","short_description":"","description":"ACS 5-year vintage END year: 2024 covers the pooled 2020-2024 survey period. Consecutive vintages overlap.","valid_values":null,"example":2024,"unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"county_fips","type":"string","role":"fk_county","nullable":true,"label":"County FIPS","short_description":"","description":"5-digit county FIPS code (state 13 + county). Populated only on county-level rows.","valid_values":null,"example":"13121","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"district_code","type":"string","role":"fk_district","nullable":true,"label":"District Code","short_description":"","description":"GCD school district code (FK to the education districts dimension). Populated only on district-level rows - Census unified-school-district estimates mapped onto the ~180 standard districts via the dimension's district_census_id.","valid_values":null,"example":"660","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"tract_geoid","type":"string","role":"fk_tract","nullable":true,"label":"Tract GEOID","short_description":"","description":"11-digit census tract GEOID (2020 boundaries). Populated only on tract-level rows.","valid_values":null,"example":"13121011100","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"citizenship_status","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Citizenship Status","short_description":"Native vs foreign born, and the foreign born by citizenship; a hierarchy, never summed.","description":"Nativity and citizenship status. Hierarchical, not a partition: all = native + foreign_born, and foreign_born = naturalized + noncitizen, so the five values must never be summed. 'all' is the total row. The ACS asks citizenship, not legal status: noncitizen covers lawful permanent residents, temporary visa holders, and unauthorized migrants alike. In this topic the universe is the population for whom poverty status is determined (B17025), and the five values are served at native_birthplace = 'all'; only 'native' additionally splits by native_birthplace.","valid_values":["all","native","foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"],"example":"foreign_born","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"native_birthplace","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Native Birthplace","short_description":"Whether native-born residents were born in the U.S. or abroad as citizens; pin citizenship_status to 'native' to use it.","description":"Where the native-born population was born (topic-local axis from B17025): born_in_us = born in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia; born_outside_us = born in Puerto Rico or a U.S. Island Area, or abroad to at least one U.S.-citizen parent. A partition of the native population: native = born_in_us + born_outside_us. 'all' is the total for the citizenship_status row and is the default pin. Values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status = 'native' - the foreign born are by definition born outside the U.S., so the source publishes no birthplace split for them and no such row is served. Not the shared place_of_birth axis (which splits the native born by state of birth).","valid_values":["all","born_in_us","born_outside_us"],"example":"born_in_us","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"poverty_rate","type":"number","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Poverty Rate","short_description":"Share of the nativity group below the federal poverty line.","description":"People below the federal poverty line as a share of those in the nativity / citizenship group with poverty status determined (0-1), derived as num_below_poverty / num_poverty_universe. NULL when the group's universe is empty in the geography (a true absence, not suppression). Not the same construct as school data's 'economically disadvantaged'.","valid_values":null,"example":0.1339,"unit":"proportion","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"poverty_rate_moe","type":"number","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Poverty Rate Moe","short_description":"","description":"90 percent margin of error for poverty_rate, derived from the count margins with the Census ratio formula: the subtraction form, with the Census addition-form fallback whenever the radicand is not positive, so a served margin is always greater than zero; a result above 1.0 is set to NULL as known-bad. A rate of exactly 0 or 1 (0 or 100 percent) instead takes the Census's own model margin for such estimates, 1.645 * sqrt(R * (1 - R) * AW / N) with R = min(2.3 * AW / N, 0.5), N the denominator and AW Georgia's average survey weight for the vintage (18 in 2020, 19 in 2021-2024): the ratio formula would give a 0 percent rate only the zero count's margin over N, about half the width the Census publishes. Never the headline metric.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":"proportion","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"No margin derivable: a component margin was masked, the universe is zero, or the derived margin exceeded 1.0 (degenerate small-sample cell, e.g. a one-person cell whose numerator equals its denominator; a 0 or 100 percent rate's model margin exceeds 1.0 only on a universe of 12 people or fewer).","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"num_below_poverty","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Number Below Poverty","short_description":"","description":"People in the nativity / citizenship group with income below the poverty level in the past 12 months (the published B17025 below-poverty cell) - the rate's numerator. Published zeros are real.","valid_values":null,"example":1430012,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"NULL means the Census published an annotation code instead of an estimate for this cell (suppressed or inapplicable); no estimate is masked in vintages 2020-2024 - the source carries no sentinel at all.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":"numerator"},{"name":"num_below_poverty_moe","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Number Below Poverty Moe","short_description":"","description":"90 percent margin of error for num_below_poverty, as published (integer). Never the headline metric.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Controlled estimate: the Census fixed the value and publishes no sampling error for it (annotation -555555555 in the source). Every margin is present in vintages 2020-2024.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"num_poverty_universe","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Number Poverty Universe","short_description":"","description":"Population in the nativity / citizenship group for whom poverty status is determined - the rate's denominator. The published total (B17025_001) on the (all, all) row; the exact sum of the group's below-poverty and at-or-above-poverty cells elsewhere. Excludes institutionalized people, military group quarters, college dormitories, and unrelated individuals under 15, so it is smaller than the total population.","valid_values":null,"example":10679691,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"NULL means a component cell (below or at-or-above poverty) carried an annotation code in the source; none does in vintages 2020-2024.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":"denominator"},{"name":"num_poverty_universe_moe","type":"number","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Number Poverty Universe Moe","short_description":"","description":"90 percent margin of error for num_poverty_universe. The published total margin (B17025_001M, cast to float, never rounded) on the (all, all) row; on the six sub-group rows the Census sqrt-sum-of-squares approximation over the below-poverty and at-or-above-poverty cell margins under the zero-estimate rule (non-integer). Never the headline metric.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Controlled estimate or masked component: the published total's margin carried an annotation code, or one of the two summed cells' margins did (the derived margin NULL-propagates). Every margin is present in vintages 2020-2024.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null}],"key_metric":"poverty_rate","usage":"Star-schema fact table. Join the districts dimension on district_code; the counties dimension on county_fips; the tracts dimension on tract_geoid. Read directly with DuckDB over Parquet.","limitations":"citizenship_status is a hierarchy, not a partition: all = native + foreign_born and foreign_born = naturalized + noncitizen, so never sum across it. native_birthplace values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status 'native', where born_in_us + born_outside_us partition the native population (the foreign born are by definition born outside the U.S., so the source publishes no such split for them); under any other citizenship_status the only native_birthplace row is 'all'. Universe: the population for whom poverty status is determined, which excludes institutionalized people, military group quarters, college dormitories, and unrelated individuals under 15 - so the 'all' universe is smaller than the total population (10,679,691 vs 10,940,407 in population_by_race for 2024) and is material in counties with large institutional or campus populations. Published zeros are real estimates, not suppression: small foreign-born and born-outside-the-U.S. cells in rural counties and many tracts are 0 with a positive margin, and a NULL poverty_rate at tract grain almost always means the group has no poverty-determined members there (a zero universe - a true absence). Each group's universe is its below-poverty plus at-or-above-poverty count, an exact partition in the source; the six sub-group universe margins are derived with the Census sqrt-sum-of-squares approximation (non-integer, served as a float), while the 'all' row serves the published total and its published margin, which is far tighter than a derived one because the two poverty cells partition a near-fixed total. poverty_rate_moe is derived from the count margins with the Census ratio formula (addition-form fallback whenever the subtraction form's radicand is not positive, so a served margin is never zero; a 0 or 100 percent rate takes the Census's own model margin for such estimates); a degenerate small-sample margin above 1.0 is set to NULL. ACS poverty is NOT the same construct as GOSA's 'economically disadvantaged' (a program-eligibility flag) - related, not equivalent. The ACS asks citizenship, not legal status: noncitizen covers lawful permanent residents, temporary visa holders, humanitarian migrants, and unauthorized migrants alike. No annotation sentinel appears in vintages 2020-2024, so no count is masked; a NULL count margin beside a present estimate would be a controlled estimate, never suppression. ACS 5-year period estimates: the year column is the vintage END year and each estimate pools five years of survey responses (2024 = 2020-2024). Consecutive vintages share about 80% of their sample, so the series is heavily smoothed - never difference overlapping vintages as if they were annual change. Estimates are survey-based and carry 90% margins of error (the *_moe columns); tract-level margins can be large relative to the estimate. All levels serve vintages 2020-2024 only, on 2020-vintage tract boundaries. State rows have NULL county_fips, district_code, and tract_geoid; county rows carry only county_fips, district rows only district_code, tract rows only tract_geoid. District rows cover the ~180 standard (city/county) districts only: the Census publishes school-district estimates at unified school district geography, which has no codes for charter schools, RESAs, or state agencies, and its few Census-only districts (e.g. the Fort Stewart military district) have no GCD district code and are dropped.","null_semantics":{"suppressed_to_null":false,"zero_is_real":true},"available_years":[2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"schema_hash":"106cf9b88d70cd9cc36951ac565fc025061f719f3414b3868f729a119c9c273d","tags":["census","u.s. census bureau, american community survey 5-year estimates","poverty_by_nativity"],"granularity_description":"One row per year, county_fips, district_code, tract_geoid, citizenship_status, native_birthplace (geography columns are NULL at higher aggregation levels).","example_queries":[{"description":"Latest year (2024), counties detail","query":"SELECT * FROM poverty_by_nativity WHERE year = 2024 LIMIT 100"},{"description":"District 660 in 2024","query":"SELECT * FROM poverty_by_nativity WHERE district_code = '660' AND year = 2024 LIMIT 100"},{"description":"Filter by citizenship_status = foreign_born","query":"SELECT * FROM poverty_by_nativity WHERE citizenship_status = 'foreign_born' AND year = 2024 LIMIT 100"}],"foreign_keys":[{"column":"county_fips","target_object":"counties","target_columns":["county_fips"],"attribute_columns_added":["county_name"],"scope":"global"},{"column":"district_code","target_object":"districts","target_columns":["district_code"],"attribute_columns_added":["district_name","district_census_id","district_type"],"scope":"domain"},{"column":"tract_geoid","target_object":"tracts","target_columns":["tract_geoid"],"attribute_columns_added":["tract_name"],"scope":"global"}],"filters":[{"param":"year","kind":"year_exact","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"year_min","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"year_max","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"detail","kind":"detail","type":"string","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["counties","districts","states","tracts"],"default":"counties"},{"param":"district_code","kind":"foreign_key","column":"district_code","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"county_fips","kind":"foreign_key","column":"county_fips","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"tract_geoid","kind":"foreign_key","column":"tract_geoid","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"citizenship_status","kind":"categorical","column":"citizenship_status","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","native","foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"native_birthplace","kind":"categorical","column":"native_birthplace","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","born_in_us","born_outside_us"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"district_type","kind":"dimension_attribute","dimension":"districts","column":"district_type","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["commission_charter","resa","standard","state_agency","state_charter","state_school","state_special"]}],"filter_hints":[{"primary":"citizenship_status","dependent":"native_birthplace","note":"native_birthplace values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status 'native' - pin citizenship_status to 'native' before breaking down by birthplace; under the default 'all' pin the only native_birthplace row is 'all'."}],"values_endpoint":"/api/v1/census/poverty_by_nativity/values"}