{"name":"foreign_born_population","kind":"table","main_topic":"census","sub_topic":"acs","topic":"foreign_born_population","key":"census/acs/foreign_born_population","version":"1.1.0","year_min":2020,"year_max":2024,"year_gaps":[],"update_frequency":"annual","detail_levels":["counties","districts","states","tracts"],"default_detail":"counties","grain":["year","county_fips","district_code","tract_geoid","citizenship_status","place_of_birth","region_of_birth","native_birthplace_detail"],"title":"Foreign-Born Population (ACS)","summary":"How many residents of each Georgia community were born abroad, whether they have become citizens, and which world region they come from - ACS 5-year estimates down to the census tract.","description":"Population by nativity and citizenship from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (detailed table B05002, Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), for Georgia at state, county, school district, and census tract geography, vintages 2020-2024: the total population split native / foreign born, the foreign born by citizenship (naturalized U.S. citizen vs not a U.S. citizen) and by world region of birth, and the place-of-birth partition of the total (born in Georgia, another state, native born abroad, foreign born) with the other-state births by Census region and the native born abroad by Puerto Rico, U.S. Island Areas, or born abroad to American parents, each with its 90 percent margin of error.","explorer":true,"search_aliases":{"en":["immigrants","immigrant population","how many immigrants","naturalized citizens","noncitizens","born abroad","born out of state","immigration","citizenship status"],"es":["inmigrantes","inmigrante","población inmigrante","ciudadanos naturalizados","no ciudadanos","nacidos en el extranjero","lugar de nacimiento","nacidos en otro estado","inmigración","extranjeros"]},"source":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates","source_url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2024.B05002?g=040XX00US13","columns":[{"name":"year","type":"integer","role":"year","nullable":false,"label":"Year","short_description":"","description":"ACS 5-year vintage END year: 2024 covers the pooled 2020-2024 survey period. Consecutive vintages overlap.","valid_values":null,"example":2024,"unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"county_fips","type":"string","role":"fk_county","nullable":true,"label":"County FIPS","short_description":"","description":"5-digit county FIPS code (state 13 + county). Populated only on county-level rows.","valid_values":null,"example":"13135","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"district_code","type":"string","role":"fk_district","nullable":true,"label":"District Code","short_description":"","description":"GCD school district code (FK to the education districts dimension). Populated only on district-level rows - Census unified-school-district estimates mapped onto the ~180 standard districts via the dimension's district_census_id.","valid_values":null,"example":"667","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"tract_geoid","type":"string","role":"fk_tract","nullable":true,"label":"Tract GEOID","short_description":"","description":"11-digit census tract GEOID (2020 boundaries). Populated only on tract-level rows.","valid_values":null,"example":"13067030245","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"citizenship_status","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Citizenship Status","short_description":"Native vs foreign born, and the foreign born by citizenship; a hierarchy, never summed.","description":"Nativity and citizenship status. Hierarchical, not a partition: all = native + foreign_born, and foreign_born = naturalized + noncitizen, so the five values must never be summed. 'all' is the total row. The ACS asks citizenship, not legal status: noncitizen covers lawful permanent residents, temporary visa holders, and unauthorized migrants alike. In this topic the five values are served at place_of_birth = 'all' (region_of_birth = 'all' for the subtotals); the six region_of_birth breakdowns exist only under foreign_born, naturalized, and noncitizen. foreign_born here and place_of_birth = 'foreign_born' are the same people (B05002 cell 013).","valid_values":["all","native","foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"],"example":"foreign_born","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"place_of_birth","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Place of Birth","short_description":"Where residents were born: Georgia, another state, abroad as a citizen, or abroad as a foreign national.","description":"Place of birth. A partition of the total: all = born_in_state + born_other_state + native_born_abroad + foreign_born (the first three together are the native population). 'all' is the total row. 'Born in state' means born in Georgia, the state of residence. In this topic the four non-'all' values are served only at citizenship_status = 'all' and region_of_birth = 'all', where they partition the total; foreign_born here and citizenship_status = 'foreign_born' are the same people (B05002 cell 013). born_other_state and native_born_abroad each split further on native_birthplace_detail.","valid_values":["all","born_in_state","born_other_state","native_born_abroad","foreign_born"],"example":"born_in_state","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"region_of_birth","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Region of Birth","short_description":"World region the foreign born were born in; pin citizenship_status to a foreign-born status to use it.","description":"World region of birth of the foreign-born population, per the Census B05002 grouping: europe, asia, africa, oceania, latin_america (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America), northern_america (Canada, Bermuda, Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon). 'all' is the status subtotal. Non-'all' values exist only under citizenship_status foreign_born, naturalized, and noncitizen at place_of_birth = 'all' - the source has no region cell for the native population, so no such row is published. The six regions sum to at most the subtotal: from vintage 2023 the noncitizen and foreign_born subtotals also include a few dozen people born at sea (one Cobb County tract) who belong to no region.","valid_values":["all","europe","asia","africa","oceania","latin_america","northern_america"],"example":"latin_america","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"native_birthplace_detail","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Native Birthplace Detail","short_description":"Region of the other U.S. state of birth, or Puerto Rico / U.S. Island Areas / born abroad to American parents; pin place_of_birth to the parent to use it.","description":"Finer birthplace of the native population born outside Georgia, nested under place_of_birth (added in contract 1.1.0). Under place_of_birth = 'born_other_state', the Census region of the U.S. state of birth: other_state_northeast, other_state_midwest, other_state_south (the South region, Georgia itself excluded - it is born_in_state), other_state_west (B05002 cells 005-008). Under place_of_birth = 'native_born_abroad': puerto_rico, us_island_areas (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands), and born_abroad_of_american_parents (born in a foreign country to at least one U.S.-citizen parent) (cells 010-012). Each group partitions its place_of_birth parent exactly. 'all' is the parent total and the only value on every other row: values other than 'all' exist only at citizenship_status = 'all' and region_of_birth = 'all', under their own place_of_birth parent.","valid_values":["all","other_state_northeast","other_state_midwest","other_state_south","other_state_west","puerto_rico","us_island_areas","born_abroad_of_american_parents"],"example":"other_state_south","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"population_count","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Population Count","short_description":"Estimated residents in the nativity / citizenship / region-of-birth / native-birthplace-detail category.","description":"ACS 5-year estimate of the number of residents in the (citizenship_status, place_of_birth, region_of_birth, native_birthplace_detail) cell: the published B05002 cell (the seven native_birthplace_detail rows included), except that foreign_born x region rows are the exact sum of the naturalized and noncitizen region cells. Survey estimate, not a full count - see population_count_moe.","valid_values":null,"example":278504,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"NULL means the Census published an annotation code instead of an estimate for this cell (suppressed or inapplicable); no estimate is masked in vintages 2020-2024 - only the total's margin carries a sentinel.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"population_count_moe","type":"number","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Population Count Moe","short_description":"","description":"90 percent margin of error for population_count. Published margins are served as-is (cast to float, never rounded); the six derived foreign_born x region rows carry the Census sqrt-sum-of-squares approximation over the two member-cell margins under the zero-estimate rule (non-integer). Never the headline metric.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Controlled estimate: the total population (the all / all / all / all row) is fixed to official population totals, so the Census publishes no sampling error for it (annotation -555555555 in the source). Every other margin is present.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null}],"key_metric":"population_count","numeric_filter_columns":["population_count","population_count_moe"],"usage":"Star-schema fact table. Join the districts dimension on district_code; the counties dimension on county_fips; the tracts dimension on tract_geoid. Read directly with DuckDB over Parquet.","limitations":"citizenship_status is a hierarchy, not a partition: all = native + foreign_born and foreign_born = naturalized + noncitizen, so never sum across it. Each axis is a complete breakdown only with the others pinned to 'all': region_of_birth values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status foreign_born, naturalized, or noncitizen (the source has no native x region cell), and place_of_birth values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status 'all', where they partition the total (born_in_state + born_other_state + native_born_abroad + foreign_born). native_birthplace_detail values other than 'all' exist only under their place_of_birth parent, which they partition: the Census region of the other state of birth (other_state_northeast, other_state_midwest, other_state_south, other_state_west) under born_other_state, and puerto_rico, us_island_areas, and born_abroad_of_american_parents under native_born_abroad. The foreign_born value on the two axes is the same people (B05002 cell 013) served twice; do not add the axes together. foreign_born x region rows are derived as the exact sum of the naturalized and noncitizen region cells, with a Census sqrt-sum-of-squares margin (non-integer, served as a float). From vintage 2023 the noncitizen and foreign_born subtotals exceed the sum of their six region cells by the foreign-born population born at sea (32 people in 2023, 29 in 2024, all in Cobb County tract 302.45 and its county and school-district parents); the region rows therefore sum to at most, not exactly, the subtotal. The ACS asks citizenship, not legal status: noncitizen covers lawful permanent residents, temporary visa holders, humanitarian migrants, and unauthorized migrants alike. A NULL population_count_moe next to a present estimate is a controlled estimate (the total is fixed to official population totals, so no sampling error is published) - never suppression. ACS 5-year period estimates: the year column is the vintage END year and each estimate pools five years of survey responses (2024 = 2020-2024). Consecutive vintages share about 80% of their sample, so the series is heavily smoothed - never difference overlapping vintages as if they were annual change. Estimates are survey-based and carry 90% margins of error (the *_moe columns); tract-level margins can be large relative to the estimate. All levels serve vintages 2020-2024 only, on 2020-vintage tract boundaries. State rows have NULL county_fips, district_code, and tract_geoid; county rows carry only county_fips, district rows only district_code, tract rows only tract_geoid. District rows cover the ~180 standard (city/county) districts only: the Census publishes school-district estimates at unified school district geography, which has no codes for charter schools, RESAs, or state agencies, and its few Census-only districts (e.g. the Fort Stewart military district) have no GCD district code and are dropped.","null_semantics":{"suppressed_to_null":false,"zero_is_real":true},"available_years":[2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"schema_hash":"4cbef1370749d83d38a030933cf8136f133d121d03a7ad3e1b723c9ef53c6a6e","tags":["census","u.s. census bureau, american community survey 5-year estimates","foreign_born_population"],"granularity_description":"One row per year, county_fips, district_code, tract_geoid, citizenship_status, place_of_birth, region_of_birth, native_birthplace_detail (geography columns are NULL at higher aggregation levels).","example_queries":[{"description":"Latest year (2024), counties detail","query":"SELECT * FROM foreign_born_population WHERE year = 2024 LIMIT 100"},{"description":"District 667 in 2024","query":"SELECT * FROM foreign_born_population WHERE district_code = '667' AND year = 2024 LIMIT 100"},{"description":"Filter by citizenship_status = foreign_born","query":"SELECT * FROM foreign_born_population WHERE citizenship_status = 'foreign_born' AND year = 2024 LIMIT 100"}],"foreign_keys":[{"column":"county_fips","target_object":"counties","target_columns":["county_fips"],"attribute_columns_added":["county_name"],"scope":"global"},{"column":"district_code","target_object":"districts","target_columns":["district_code"],"attribute_columns_added":["district_name","district_census_id","district_type"],"scope":"domain"},{"column":"tract_geoid","target_object":"tracts","target_columns":["tract_geoid"],"attribute_columns_added":["tract_name"],"scope":"global"}],"filters":[{"param":"year","kind":"year_exact","type":"integer","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"note":"one or more exact years (comma list or repeated)"},{"param":"year_min","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"year_max","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"detail","kind":"detail","type":"string","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["counties","districts","states","tracts"],"default":"counties"},{"param":"district_code","kind":"foreign_key","column":"district_code","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"county_fips","kind":"foreign_key","column":"county_fips","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"tract_geoid","kind":"foreign_key","column":"tract_geoid","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"citizenship_status","kind":"categorical","column":"citizenship_status","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","native","foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"place_of_birth","kind":"categorical","column":"place_of_birth","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","born_in_state","born_other_state","native_born_abroad","foreign_born"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"region_of_birth","kind":"categorical","column":"region_of_birth","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","europe","asia","africa","oceania","latin_america","northern_america"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"native_birthplace_detail","kind":"categorical","column":"native_birthplace_detail","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","other_state_northeast","other_state_midwest","other_state_south","other_state_west","puerto_rico","us_island_areas","born_abroad_of_american_parents"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"district_type","kind":"dimension_attribute","dimension":"districts","column":"district_type","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["commission_charter","resa","standard","state_agency","state_charter","state_school","state_special"]},{"param":"population_count_min","kind":"metric_bound","column":"population_count","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at least (>=)"},{"param":"population_count_max","kind":"metric_bound","column":"population_count","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at most (<=)"},{"param":"population_count_moe_min","kind":"metric_bound","column":"population_count_moe","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at least (>=)"},{"param":"population_count_moe_max","kind":"metric_bound","column":"population_count_moe","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at most (<=)"}],"filter_hints":[{"primary":"citizenship_status","dependent":"region_of_birth","note":"region_of_birth values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status foreign_born, naturalized, or noncitizen - pin citizenship_status to one of those before breaking down by region; under the default 'all' pin the only region row is 'all'."},{"primary":"place_of_birth","dependent":"native_birthplace_detail","note":"native_birthplace_detail values other than 'all' exist only under their place_of_birth parent - the four other_state_* regions under born_other_state; puerto_rico, us_island_areas, and born_abroad_of_american_parents under native_born_abroad - with citizenship_status and region_of_birth at 'all'. Under the default 'all' place_of_birth pin the only detail row is 'all'."}],"non_additive":[{"column":"citizenship_status","reason":"citizenship_status is a hierarchy, not a partition: foreign_born is naturalized plus noncitizen, and all is native plus foreign_born, so adding its values counts the foreign-born twice."}],"partitions":[],"value_implications":[{"when":{"place_of_birth":["born_in_state","born_other_state","native_born_abroad"]},"implies":{"citizenship_status":"native"},"excludes":{"citizenship_status":["foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"]},"reason":"Everyone born in a U.S. state, Puerto Rico, or a U.S. Island Area, or born abroad to a U.S.-citizen parent, is a U.S. citizen by birth, so the Census counts them all as native-born, never as naturalized or noncitizen."},{"when":{"native_birthplace_detail":["other_state_northeast","other_state_midwest","other_state_south","other_state_west","puerto_rico","us_island_areas","born_abroad_of_american_parents"]},"implies":{"citizenship_status":"native"},"excludes":{"citizenship_status":["foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"]},"reason":"Everyone born in a U.S. state, Puerto Rico, or a U.S. Island Area, or born abroad to a U.S.-citizen parent, is a U.S. citizen by birth, so the Census counts them all as native-born, never as naturalized or noncitizen."}],"year_meaning":null,"pooled_rates":[],"series_breaks":[],"year_window":null,"pooled_min_count":null,"recommended_query":{"metric":"population_count","detail":"counties","filters":{"citizenship_status":["all"],"place_of_birth":["all"],"region_of_birth":["all"],"native_birthplace_detail":["all"]},"required_choices":[],"ranking":{"how":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/rows?year=2024&citizenship_status=all&place_of_birth=all&region_of_birth=all&native_birthplace_detail=all&sort=-population_count&limit=N (sort=-col for top, sort=col for bottom)","note":"Rank within a single year (add year=<year>, default the latest available) and keep the pins above so rows are comparable; NULL (suppressed) metrics sort last either way."},"dependent_filters":[{"primary":"citizenship_status","dependent":"region_of_birth","note":"region_of_birth values other than 'all' exist only under citizenship_status foreign_born, naturalized, or noncitizen - pin citizenship_status to one of those before breaking down by region; under the default 'all' pin the only region row is 'all'.","how":"The default citizenship_status pin can exclude every region_of_birth value. To filter region_of_birth, set citizenship_status to the value(s) that publish it (query without the citizenship_status filter once to see them); to rank or group region_of_birth, also exclude its total value so subtotals never rank beside their parts. An empty result carries a dependent_filter_mismatch advisory naming the value needed; rows listing either column while the other is filtered to its total carry a dependent_filter_omitted advisory when that total leaves some values out."},{"primary":"place_of_birth","dependent":"native_birthplace_detail","note":"native_birthplace_detail values other than 'all' exist only under their place_of_birth parent - the four other_state_* regions under born_other_state; puerto_rico, us_island_areas, and born_abroad_of_american_parents under native_born_abroad - with citizenship_status and region_of_birth at 'all'. Under the default 'all' place_of_birth pin the only detail row is 'all'.","how":"The default place_of_birth pin can exclude every native_birthplace_detail value. To filter native_birthplace_detail, set place_of_birth to the value(s) that publish it (query without the place_of_birth filter once to see them); to rank or group native_birthplace_detail, also exclude its total value so subtotals never rank beside their parts. An empty result carries a dependent_filter_mismatch advisory naming the value needed; rows listing either column while the other is filtered to its total carry a dependent_filter_omitted advisory when that total leaves some values out."}],"reason":"metric=population_count; citizenship_status pinned to all; place_of_birth pinned to all; region_of_birth pinned to all; native_birthplace_detail pinned to all; paired filters: citizenship_status->region_of_birth, place_of_birth->native_birthplace_detail (see dependent_filters before filtering the second column)","url":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/rows?detail=counties&citizenship_status=all&place_of_birth=all&region_of_birth=all&native_birthplace_detail=all"},"example_requests":[{"description":"The recommended view for 2024","url":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/rows?year=2024&citizenship_status=all&place_of_birth=all&region_of_birth=all&native_birthplace_detail=all"},{"description":"Every row matching the recommended view, as CSV","url":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/download?format=csv&citizenship_status=all&place_of_birth=all&region_of_birth=all&native_birthplace_detail=all"},{"description":"The 10 highest population_count values in 2024","url":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/rows?year=2024&citizenship_status=all&place_of_birth=all&region_of_birth=all&native_birthplace_detail=all&sort=-population_count&limit=10"},{"description":"Georgia's published statewide figures by year","url":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/rows?detail=states&citizenship_status=all&place_of_birth=all&region_of_birth=all&native_birthplace_detail=all&sort=year"}],"parameters":{"paging":"limit (default 1000, at most 10000) and offset; JSON pages carry links.next","sort":"sort=-col,col2 (- for descending); NULLs sort last","columns":"columns=a,b returns only those columns","format":"json (default), csv or parquet; csv/parquet without limit return every matching row","numeric":"{metric}_min / {metric}_max, or numeric_filters (JSON)","numeric_filter_columns":["population_count","population_count_moe"],"projectable_columns":["citizenship_status","county_fips","county_name","district_census_id","district_code","district_name","district_type","native_birthplace_detail","place_of_birth","population_count","population_count_moe","region_of_birth","tract_geoid","tract_name","year"],"filter_parameters":["citizenship_status","county_fips","district_code","district_type","native_birthplace_detail","place_of_birth","population_count_max","population_count_min","population_count_moe_max","population_count_moe_min","region_of_birth","tract_geoid"]},"endpoints":{"rows":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/rows","query":"POST /api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/query","values":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/values","aggregate":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/aggregate","download":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/download","contract":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/contract","openapi":"/api/v1/datasets/foreign_born_population/openapi.json"},"updated_at":"2026-09-27T02:45:59+00:00"}