{"name":"workers_by_citizenship","kind":"table","main_topic":"census","sub_topic":"acs","topic":"workers_by_citizenship","key":"census/acs/workers_by_citizenship","version":"1.0.0","year_min":2020,"year_max":2024,"year_gaps":[],"update_frequency":"annual","detail_levels":["counties","districts","states","tracts"],"default_detail":"counties","grain":["year","county_fips","district_code","tract_geoid","citizenship_status"],"title":"Workers by Citizenship Status (ACS)","summary":"How many workers living in each Georgia community are native born, foreign born, naturalized citizens, or noncitizens - ACS 5-year estimates down to the census tract.","description":"Workers by nativity and citizenship status from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (detailed table B08111, Means of Transportation to Work by Citizenship Status - the five citizenship-total cells only), for Georgia at state, county, school district, and census tract geography, vintages 2020-2024: workers 16 years and over at work in the reference week, by place of residence, split native / foreign born and the foreign born by citizenship (naturalized U.S. citizen vs not a U.S. citizen), each with its 90 percent margin of error.","explorer":true,"search_aliases":{"en":["immigrant workers","foreign-born workers","noncitizen workers","naturalized workers","working immigrants","workers by citizenship","jobs","employed immigrants"],"es":["trabajadores inmigrantes","trabajadores extranjeros","trabajadores no ciudadanos","trabajadores naturalizados","mano de obra inmigrante","empleo","trabajo","inmigrantes","inmigrante"]},"source":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates","source_url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2024.B08111?g=040XX00US13","columns":[{"name":"year","type":"integer","role":"year","nullable":false,"label":"Year","short_description":"","description":"ACS 5-year vintage END year: 2024 covers the pooled 2020-2024 survey period. Consecutive vintages overlap.","valid_values":null,"example":2024,"unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"county_fips","type":"string","role":"fk_county","nullable":true,"label":"County FIPS","short_description":"","description":"5-digit county FIPS code (state 13 + county). Populated only on county-level rows.","valid_values":null,"example":"13135","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"district_code","type":"string","role":"fk_district","nullable":true,"label":"District Code","short_description":"","description":"GCD school district code (FK to the education districts dimension). Populated only on district-level rows - Census unified-school-district estimates mapped onto the ~180 standard districts via the dimension's district_census_id.","valid_values":null,"example":"667","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"tract_geoid","type":"string","role":"fk_tract","nullable":true,"label":"Tract GEOID","short_description":"","description":"11-digit census tract GEOID (2020 boundaries). Populated only on tract-level rows.","valid_values":null,"example":"13135050433","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"citizenship_status","type":"string","role":"categorical","nullable":false,"label":"Citizenship Status","short_description":"Native vs foreign born, and the foreign born by citizenship; a hierarchy, never summed.","description":"Nativity and citizenship status. Hierarchical, not a partition: all = native + foreign_born, and foreign_born = naturalized + noncitizen, so the five values must never be summed. 'all' is the total row. The ACS asks citizenship, not legal status: noncitizen covers lawful permanent residents, temporary visa holders, and unauthorized migrants alike. In this topic the universe is workers 16 and over at work in the reference week, by residence (B08111 cells 001-005).","valid_values":["all","native","foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"],"example":"foreign_born","unit":null,"value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":null,"key_metric_grain_contributor":true,"metric_component":null},{"name":"workers_count","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Workers Count","short_description":"Estimated workers 16+ (at work, by residence) in the citizenship category.","description":"ACS 5-year estimate of workers 16 years and over who were at work in the reference week, living in the geography, in the citizenship_status category (the published B08111 cell). Survey estimate, not a full count - see workers_count_moe. Published zeros are real: small counties with 0 foreign-born workers and special-use tracts with 0 workers are served as 0, not NULL.","valid_values":null,"example":165270,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"NULL means the Census published an annotation code instead of an estimate for this cell (suppressed or inapplicable); no estimate is masked in vintages 2020-2024 - the source carries no sentinel at all.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null},{"name":"workers_count_moe","type":"integer","role":"metric","nullable":true,"label":"Workers Count Moe","short_description":"","description":"90 percent margin of error for workers_count, as published (integer). Never the headline metric.","valid_values":null,"example":null,"unit":"count","value_min":null,"value_max":null,"null_meaning":"Controlled estimate: the Census fixed the value to an official total and publishes no sampling error for it (annotation -555555555 in the source). Every margin is present in vintages 2020-2024.","key_metric_grain_contributor":false,"metric_component":null}],"key_metric":"workers_count","numeric_filter_columns":["workers_count","workers_count_moe"],"usage":"Star-schema fact table. Join the districts dimension on district_code; the counties dimension on county_fips; the tracts dimension on tract_geoid. Read directly with DuckDB over Parquet.","limitations":"Universe: workers 16 and over who were AT WORK in the ACS reference week, counted by place of RESIDENCE - not the employed population (people employed but absent that week are excluded; Armed Forces at work are included) and not a count by place of work (B08511 is not served). citizenship_status is a hierarchy, not a partition: all = native + foreign_born and foreign_born = naturalized + noncitizen, so never sum across it. For the civilian-employed universe see labor_force_by_nativity and occupation_by_nativity. The ACS asks citizenship, not legal status: noncitizen covers lawful permanent residents, temporary visa holders, humanitarian migrants, and unauthorized migrants alike. Published zeros are real estimates, not suppression: several small counties (six in vintage 2024) report 0 foreign-born workers with margins of 14-23, and the special-use census tracts (airports, bases, water; tract numbers 9800/9900) report 0 workers in total. No annotation sentinel appears in vintages 2020-2024, so no value is masked; a NULL workers_count_moe beside a present estimate would be a controlled estimate (no sampling error published), never suppression. ACS 5-year period estimates: the year column is the vintage END year and each estimate pools five years of survey responses (2024 = 2020-2024). Consecutive vintages share about 80% of their sample, so the series is heavily smoothed - never difference overlapping vintages as if they were annual change. Estimates are survey-based and carry 90% margins of error (the *_moe columns); tract-level margins can be large relative to the estimate. All levels serve vintages 2020-2024 only, on 2020-vintage tract boundaries. State rows have NULL county_fips, district_code, and tract_geoid; county rows carry only county_fips, district rows only district_code, tract rows only tract_geoid. District rows cover the ~180 standard (city/county) districts only: the Census publishes school-district estimates at unified school district geography, which has no codes for charter schools, RESAs, or state agencies, and its few Census-only districts (e.g. the Fort Stewart military district) have no GCD district code and are dropped.","null_semantics":{"suppressed_to_null":false,"zero_is_real":true},"available_years":[2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"schema_hash":"0451f993b73350744803d8ad870e6db416c8164907f33561063e3da92841a437","tags":["census","u.s. census bureau, american community survey 5-year estimates","workers_by_citizenship"],"granularity_description":"One row per year, county_fips, district_code, tract_geoid, citizenship_status (geography columns are NULL at higher aggregation levels).","example_queries":[{"description":"Latest year (2024), counties detail","query":"SELECT * FROM workers_by_citizenship WHERE year = 2024 LIMIT 100"},{"description":"District 667 in 2024","query":"SELECT * FROM workers_by_citizenship WHERE district_code = '667' AND year = 2024 LIMIT 100"},{"description":"Filter by citizenship_status = foreign_born","query":"SELECT * FROM workers_by_citizenship WHERE citizenship_status = 'foreign_born' AND year = 2024 LIMIT 100"}],"foreign_keys":[{"column":"county_fips","target_object":"counties","target_columns":["county_fips"],"attribute_columns_added":["county_name"],"scope":"global"},{"column":"district_code","target_object":"districts","target_columns":["district_code"],"attribute_columns_added":["district_name","district_census_id","district_type"],"scope":"domain"},{"column":"tract_geoid","target_object":"tracts","target_columns":["tract_geoid"],"attribute_columns_added":["tract_name"],"scope":"global"}],"filters":[{"param":"year","kind":"year_exact","type":"integer","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"note":"one or more exact years (comma list or repeated)"},{"param":"year_min","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"year_max","kind":"year_range","type":"integer","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"detail","kind":"detail","type":"string","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["counties","districts","states","tracts"],"default":"counties"},{"param":"district_code","kind":"foreign_key","column":"district_code","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"county_fips","kind":"foreign_key","column":"county_fips","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"tract_geoid","kind":"foreign_key","column":"tract_geoid","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null},{"param":"citizenship_status","kind":"categorical","column":"citizenship_status","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["all","native","foreign_born","naturalized","noncitizen"],"has_total":true,"total_value":"all","requires_single_value":false,"nullable":false,"null_filter_token":null},{"param":"district_type","kind":"dimension_attribute","dimension":"districts","column":"district_type","type":"string","multi_value":true,"enum_enforced":true,"values":["commission_charter","resa","standard","state_agency","state_charter","state_school","state_special"]},{"param":"workers_count_min","kind":"metric_bound","column":"workers_count","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at least (>=)"},{"param":"workers_count_max","kind":"metric_bound","column":"workers_count","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at most (<=)"},{"param":"workers_count_moe_min","kind":"metric_bound","column":"workers_count_moe","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at least (>=)"},{"param":"workers_count_moe_max","kind":"metric_bound","column":"workers_count_moe","type":"number","multi_value":false,"enum_enforced":false,"values":null,"op":"at most (<=)"}],"filter_hints":[],"non_additive":[{"column":"citizenship_status","reason":"citizenship_status is a hierarchy, not a partition: foreign_born is naturalized plus noncitizen, and all is native plus foreign_born, so adding its values counts the foreign-born twice."}],"partitions":[],"value_implications":[],"year_meaning":null,"pooled_rates":[],"series_breaks":[],"year_window":null,"pooled_min_count":null,"recommended_query":{"metric":"workers_count","detail":"counties","filters":{"citizenship_status":["all"]},"required_choices":[],"ranking":{"how":"/api/v1/datasets/workers_by_citizenship/rows?year=2024&citizenship_status=all&sort=-workers_count&limit=N (sort=-col for top, sort=col for bottom)","note":"Rank within a single year (add year=<year>, default the latest available) and keep the pins above so rows are comparable; 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